Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility by Harry Frankfurt Ess

In Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility, Harry capital of Kentucky attempts to falsify the article of faith of Alternate Possibilities. The Principle of Alternate Possibilities is the principle where a person is deterrent examplely responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherwise. A person would be chastely responsible for their own actions if done by themselves. If someone else had forced that person to do the action, then the person doing the action is not morally responsible. Frankfurt does not believe this to be true and that the person doing the action is morally responsible. Frankfurts objections towards the Principle of Alternate Possibilities shows the refutation of natural intuition and places moral responsibility upon those who deserve it.Frankfurts Black and Jones example is an appropriate explanation for how the Principle of Alternative Possibilities works. Black put a gun on Jones head and tells him to do action A. According to the Pri nciple of Alternate Possibilities, this will play out in three ways. If Jones was not a reasonable art object and was gung-ho, not caring about any consequences or cost, then he is not to be morally responsible for that action. If Jones was afraid of what Black will do with the gun and decides to change his decision from doing any other action to action A, then he is only morally responsible for the decision that he make earlier and not for the action. If Jones isnt affected by Blacks actions, but he considers those actions in planning to make his next move yet still follows his original decision, then he is morally responsible for all actions and decisions.(Frankfurt Watson, 169-170) What Frankfurt is considering to be a counter-example to the Principle of Alternate Possibil... ...ow moral responsibility. One demand to will other alternate possibilities, knowing that there is no moral responsibility for them, to show that the original will has moral responsibility. It is like p lacing a blank stone on a pile of black stones to emphasize the fact that that one stone is a white stone. This shows the need for alternate possibilities and strengthens Frankfurts argument.In conclusion, Frankfurts argument against the Principle of Alternate Possibilities showed that people under coercion had moral responsibility for their own actions. Copp placed the value of moral responsibility to the ability of being able to do ones will and Pereboom supports Frankfurts argument by placing the robustness condition on alternate possibilities. This shows that there is still a need to put more thought and brainstorming into who has the moral responsibility.

Gun Control Essay -- Second Amendment The Right To Bear Arms

Since the early days, gun entertain has been a never-ending debate. It is because of the fast increase in crime, the fight for the right to own a hand gun, the creative activity of legislation for gun control in order crop the crime in the United States, that this issue has been hotly debated in recent years. The streets of America be now a war zone especially right here were we live. ?Florida has the highest crime rate of any state and the sixth highest homicide level?(www.guncite.com). A melancholic fact but true. Many people feel that gun control violates their right to own a gun the second amendment says so ?the right to pay up arms?. I personally share that point of view for it would not be in the constitution to begin with. However, there is no doubt that something mustiness be done in order to reduce violence and to make America a freer country to live in. I believe that gun control should not take place for it does not reduce crime, it only increases the debates and as an alternative there should be a stronger education.First, gun control does not reduce crime. After doing my research I was impressed to find that guns and violence are not as linked as much as people take they are. Curtis Lovelace confirms that Both Australia and England have already banned personal ownership of guns, but violent crime is not down in either country. In fact, in Australia violent crime is up in every category. From 1997 to 1999, murders were up 6.5%, and attempted murders rose by 12.5%. Increases w...

Mariette in Ecstasy Essay -- Literary Review

In the book Mariette in Ecstasy, Rob Hansen paints a story of the extraordinary misfortune at a priory in upstate New York. His depiction of career in the priory is centered around the newly inducted Mariette Baptiste, the young and beautiful daughter of a local physician, and the disputed howeverts that threaten to tear the priory apart from within. Rob Hansen does an incredible job of placing the reader in the priory for themselves and allowing them to see just what kind of life the sisters live. On Mariettes first day, the women jump on at five oclock to a ritualized call and response, where Sister Hermance shouts, In Jesus Christ, my sisters, let us rise and the sisters respond with, His holy name be praised (Page 5). The women follow a rigorous and regular schedule for the rest of the day. Embedded in their lifestyle are a lot of rituals and intricate tasks, which have been almost completely legitimized by their repetition. The women of the priory also live a highly asce tic life, believing that the hard work performed and sincere living conditions in themselves alone can give rise to an experience that is greater than anything achievable through other worldly goals. Mariette herself writes prayerfully, Were it necessary to give up all the worldly pleasures of my life to gain one instant of happiness for you, I would do it without hesitation. (Page 135). The way the sisters go about living their spiritual life has a touch of Peter Bergers idea of masochism to it as well. In Mariettes talks with Pre Marriott, she says, as I began to meditate on the crucifixion and Christs own trials in this world, I became rapt in thought and I found myself again before Jesus, who was suffering much(prenominal) terrible painAn unquench... ... common problem of theodicy. If God is good, why would he not help his own followers and prevent them from being led widely? The act of calling in a surgeon implies that religion is not good or powerful enough which call s into question the order of things within the priory and even the plausibility structure that has been securely established for so long.Ron Hansen for the most part avoids straightway addressing these spiritual issues instead Mariette in Ecstasy aligns more with what Mikhail Bakhtin argues a reinvigorated is, a presentation of many perspectives. In the end these two perspectives both have their own idea of what the objective truth of the presented world is, and while Ron Hansen avoids directly presenting one side as the one thats right, his novel brings up the existence of more than one side, which alone is more than many similar religious works do.

Basketball Essay -- essays research papers

Basket wind Basketball was created a simple game. The primary objective was to place a ball, without dribbling, into a peach basket. However, the likes of Darwins theory of man, basketball has evolved into the most exciting exhibition of athletic ability. Basketball has seen many rule changes, because of the increasing ability of the make upers. Basketball is a melting pot, where b everyplaceleap, white, and European people excel. This is a sport that is color-blind. This sport requires complete control over ones body and mind. Pure strength is required to fight finished opposing teams picks, and to seduce position for rebounds. Speed is necessary to create space for a shot attempt or a pass. Concentration is vital to dribbling a ball up the court, with an opposing defender harassing you. With as much physical prowess that is required for success, basketball is a mental chess match."Thurber, make the smart play" yelled Coach Balderama all last season.This game is only &q uotten percent" physical as Dukes Coach K explains it. For those who deny the mental aspects of the game, washstand Stockton is an ideal example. He is not the fastest, strongest, or best player on the floor. Stockton uses angles and his understanding of basketball to quietly and consistently outplay much more intelligent opponents. There is a growing problem in the NBA, and it is evident in the "Pop Warner" leagues also. Basketball is not the same game it was ten years ago, and ESPNs Sportcenter, the lack of fundamentals, and the influx of teenagers into the professional ranks. "Vince Carter on the baseline He raises up Boo-ya, all in Alonzo Mournings grill" States an exited Stuart Scott. Every day ESPN gathers the most amazing highlights from the games the night before, and creates a visually appealing collage. As a religious viewer I am fed a steady diet of no look passes, grotesque slam-dunks, and impossible fade-away shots that only NBA caliber players ar gon capable of making. This, almost unknowingly, has assisted in creating a new mentality towards the sport. Last season I would encounter myself in situations where I was trying to execute a spectacular play, instead of completing the easy one. Why do I try to imitate the sweeping crossover dribble glorified by Allen Iverson? ESPN has made "Playground" basketball in style. Allen Iverson is the pioneer of this ghetto re... ...aliber, and he educated himself about the game and life glowering of the court. Many of these players who jump to the pros after little or no college are ignorant. The NBA, these days, has a combined IQ of fifteen, and we wonder what is wrong. The NBA is in a limbo, and is tripping over its own clumsy feet. The game will not get better until the players improve their levels of play. But improvement comes with experience, and it is difficult for players to gain experience and confidence when they are only children trying to master a complex game. In conclusion, ESPNs Sportcenter, the lack of basic basketball fundamentals, and the decreasing age of players entering into the league is a recipe for disaster. It is a cycle that is going to be hard to break. Todays kids are presented with options that are too difficult for them to comprehend. So instead of doing it the right way and going through school and listening to their coach, agents are give utter control over these exploited children. However, with all of the negatives surrounding the game, basketball will survive. David Stern is a satisfactory commissioner and there is too much money involved for people to let the NBA self destruct.

Prions: A Novel Infectious Pathogen Essay -- Medicine Medical Illnesse

Prions A Novel Infectious Pathogen Prions be novel, transmissible pathogens that differ from viroids, viruses, parasites, fungi, and bacteria, both with respect to the diseases they cause and their structure . They are capable of causing degenerative diseases of the centra1 nervous system both in animals anal in humans. Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease (CJD) and Gerstmann-Straussler-Sheinkers (GSS) syndrome illustrate the acquired, sporadic, and genetic demo of the -human prion diseases. These transmissible pathogens also cause Scrapie of sheep and goats. Bovine spongiform enphalopathy,(BSE) in cows and transmissible mink encephalopathy, and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of captive mule deer and moose which are thought to result from the ingestion of Scrapie infested animal products (Pruisner, 1991). In addition to these diseases, certain(a) neuropathological changes associated with scrapie disease front to correlate well with similar changes observed in Alzheimers patients (Dugu id 1989). These similarities have been attributed to similar alterations in gene expression in both of the diseased states (Duguid, 1989). First, in addition to the unique diseases that they cause, prions also exhibit certain novel molecular and structural properties which further differentiate them from other infectious pathogens. The unusual biological properties were first unraveled through experiments performed on scrapie -infested sheep. The isolated scrapie agent from these sheep seem to exhibit certain unusual properties. One such property is the scrapie-agents resistance to nuclease digestion. After being subjected to several rounds of digestion with various nucleases including micrococcal nuclsase, nuclease - P, and deoxyribonucl... ...60-7264.(a) 7. Gabzion, R., McKinley, M. P., Groth, D., Westaway, D., DeArmond, S. J., Carlson, G. A., Prusiner, S. B. (1989) Immunoaffinity purification and neutralization of scrapie prions. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 317 583-600. 8. Hsiao, K., Zeev, M., Kahana, E., Cass, C., Kahana.. I., Avrahemi, D., Scarlato, G.. Abramsky, O., Prusiner, S. B., and Gabizon, R. (1991) Mutation of the Prion Protein in Libyan Jews with Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 324 1091-1097. 9. Prusiner, S. B. (1991) Molecular Biology of Prion Disease. Science, 252 1515-1522. 10. Prusiner, S. B. (1982) Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie. Science,216 136-144. 11. Stahl, N. and Pruisner, S. B. (1991) Prions and prion proteins. FASEB J., 5 27992807. 12. Weissmann, C. (1991) A unified theory of prion propagation. Nature., 352 679-683.

Prions: A Novel Infectious Pathogen Essay -- Medicine Medical Illnesse

Prions A Novel Infectious Pathogen Prions are novel, transmissible pathogens that differ from viroids, viruses, parasites, fungi, and bacteria, both with respect to the diseases they father and their structure . They are capable of causing degenerative diseases of the centra1 nervous system both in animals anal in humans. Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease (CJD) and Gerstmann-Straussler-Sheinkers (GSS) syndrome deck the acquired, sporadic, and genetic manifestation of the -human prion diseases. These transmissible pathogens in any case cause Scrapie of sheep and goats. Bovine spongiform enphalopathy,(BSE) in cows and transmissible mink encephalopathy, and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of captive scuff deer and elk which are thought to result from the ingestion of Scrapie infested animal products (Pruisner, 1991). In addition to these diseases, certain neuropathological changes associated with scrapie disease seem to correlate well with comparable changes observed in Alzheimers pati ents (Duguid 1989). These similarities have been attributed to similar alterations in gene expression in both of the diseased states (Duguid, 1989). First, in addition to the unique diseases that they cause, prions also exhibit certain novel molecular and structural properties which further differentiate them from other infectious pathogens. The unusual biological properties were first unraveled through experiments performed on scrapie -infested sheep. The disjointed scrapie agent from these sheep seem to exhibit certain unusual properties. One such property is the scrapie-agents resistance to nuclease digestion. After being subjected to several rounds of digestion with various nucleases including micrococcal nuclsase, nuclease - P, and deoxyribonucl... ...60-7264.(a) 7. Gabzion, R., McKinley, M. P., Groth, D., Westaway, D., DeArmond, S. J., Carlson, G. A., Prusiner, S. B. (1989) Immunoaffinity purification and neutralisation of scrapie prions. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 317 583-600. 8. Hsiao, K., Zeev, M., Kahana, E., Cass, C., Kahana.. I., Avrahemi, D., Scarlato, G.. Abramsky, O., Prusiner, S. B., and Gabizon, R. (1991) Mutation of the Prion Protein in Libyan Jews with Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 324 1091-1097. 9. Prusiner, S. B. (1991) Molecular Biology of Prion Disease. Science, 252 1515-1522. 10. Prusiner, S. B. (1982) Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie. Science,216 136-144. 11. Stahl, N. and Pruisner, S. B. (1991) Prions and prion proteins. FASEB J., 5 27992807. 12. Weissmann, C. (1991) A unified theory of prion propagation. Nature., 352 679-683.

Insurance and Jessie Robinson

Questions 1. Think of a real or made up solely pragmatic modeling of a pure risk that you or someone you know may face, and accordingly answer the questions beneath. a. answer for the specific risk. (1-3 sentences. 0. 5 points) b. What manikin of ban come forwardcomes atomic number 18 possible for this type of risk? (1-3 sentences. 1. 0 points) c. Would this risk be likely to cook unexpected expenses? wherefore or why non? (1-3 sentences. 1. 0 points) d. draw and quarter at least one way you could protect yourself against this risk. (1-3 sentences. 1. 0 points) 2.Think of a real or made up nevertheless realistic example of a speculative risk that you or someone you know may face, and then answer the questions below. a. Describe the specific risk. (1-3 sentences. 0. 5 points) b. What sort of negative outcomes are possible for this type of risk? (1-3 sentences. 0. 5 points) c. What sorts of positive outcomes are possible for this type of risk? (1-3 sentences. 0. 5 points ) d. Would this risk be likely to create unexpected expenses? Why or why not? (1-3 sentences. 1. 0 points) e. Describe at least one way you could protect yourself against this risk. 1-3 sentences. 1. 0 points) 3. Imagine that you are a parent with young children. You want to get life insurance to protect your children financially until they are old enough to produce their own incomes. Would stipulation life insurance or permanent life insurance be a better choice in this situation? Why? (2-4 sentences. 1. 0 points) 4. Describe two types of insurance that you have or are likely to have at some point in your life. What risks are these insurance pictures protecting you against? Why do you think these types of insurance are important? 4-8 sentences. 3. 0 points) 5. List four valuable items that might be kept in an apartment or house. Next to each item, write the estimated dollar amount that each item might be worth. (Complete sentences are not necessary. 1. 0 points) 6. In your Sectio n_6 folder, navigate to and open(a) the Example_Insurance_Application, and then complete the steps below to save a copy of the file with your initials in your Section_6 folder. a. Click the File menu, and then Click Save a Copy. b. If a Save a Copy dialog box appears, confab Save a Copy. c.Make sure the Save in drop- shine list is set to your Section_6 folder. If not, interpenetrate the drop-down list, then click Local Disk (C), then double-click your course folder, and then double-click the Section_6 folder. d. In the Name field, type Example_Insurance_Application followed by your initials. e. Click Save. 7. Follow the instructions below to fill out the Example_Insurance_Application for Jessie Robinson. This is an application for renters insurance. (4. 0 points for completing the form correctly according to the instructions below) a.Fill out the Applicant Information section of the form exploitation the name Jessie Robinson, the date of birth 7/15/88, the SSN 888-88-8888, and t he email address emailprotected com. Jessie Robinson is not retired. b. Jessie Robinson is renting an apartment on785 Maple AvenueinSeattle,WA. The zip canon of the address is 00448. c. Imagine what Jessie Robinsons answers to the yes and no questions under Coverage Information might be. TIP There are no right or wrong answers, but make sure to answer each question. d. Choose a date for Jessie Robinsons coverage to begin and the number of years Jessie has had insurance coverage.TIP There are no right or wrong answers, but be sure to answer each question. e. List Jessie Robinsons reason for applying for new insurance as Moving to a new address. f. List the estimated cost of the four household items you determined in question 5 above as the answer to How much personal dimension coverage do you need? g. Imagine whether Jessie Robinson has animals, and then list what kind. TIP Consider your answer to thequestion Do you have an animal that is vicious or attack trained, or that has pre viously bitten or injured anyone? before you answer this question. h. Click the File menu, and then click Save. . In your Section_6 folder, navigate to and open the Example_Insurance_Claim, and then complete the steps below to save a copy of the file with your initials in your Section_6 folder. a. Click the File menu, and then Click Save a Copy. b. If a Save a Copy dialog box appears, click Save a Copy. c. Make sure the Save in drop-down list is set to your Section_6 folder. If not, click the drop-down list, then click Local Disk (C), then double-click your course folder, and then double-click the Section_6 folder. d. In the Name field, type Example_Insurance_Claim followed by your initials. . Click Save. 9. Follow the instructions below to fill out the Example_Insurance_Claim for Jessie Robinson. This is a renters insurance claim form. (4. 0 points for completing the form correctly according to the instructions below) a. Use the information from the Insurance_Application form you fill out in question 7 above to fill out the Insurance Policyholder Information section of the Insurance_Claim form. TIP Jessie Robinsons phone number is 206-999-0000. b. Fill out the rest of the form with a realistic loss Jessie might have suffered, such as a fire, flood, or robbery.Imagine how severe the damage was and what, if any, evidence Jessie has of the loss. Describe what happened and list at least two damages or injuries the loss caused. Estimate the total cost of the loss. 10. Describe at least two ways you or someone you know might be at risk for identity theft. (1-2 sentences. 2. 0 points) 11. Describe at least three things you can do to protect yourself from identity theft. (1-3 sentences. 2. 0 points) 12. Describe at least three steps you should take after finding out that your credit card was stolen. (1-3 sentences. 2. points) Answers 1. A. ) The example of pure risk would be when your house burns down. B. ) A few of the negative outcomes for this type of risk is be cause there is only a chance of both loss or no loss, but no chance of gain. C. ) This risk would cause unexpected expenses because you do not predict if your house were to burn down so it would cause you to have to purchase a new one. D. ) One way to protect yourself from this risk is to have a home insurance plan that include insurance for when you house burns down. 2. ) the example of speculative risk is

Plight of African Americans Essay

African Americans predicament throughout U. S. history begin as early in the 1400-s and ending in the 1700-s. In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln freed slaves in the southern give ins through the Emancipation Proclamation. African Americans endured many hardships such as not having right(a)s to vote, social inequalities of African Americans were violated, equal social status, social classes, and social circles. Examples of these violation are freedom of speech, property rights, access to health care, education, and transportation.Cultural concerns of African Americans currently include not being acknowledged in most educational settings and lack of our cultural experiences in classroom settings denying African American children the right to know the history of where our ancestry evolved. All of these experiences are and some continue to be the journey of African Americans today Groups and organizations promoting racial equality are the theme Association of Advancement for Colored Pe opleNAACP, Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceSCLC, The National Urban League, Rainbow/Push Coalition each doed paved the way of life for equality of races and continue to do so.Objectives of these groups was to eliminate discrimination along with racial discrimination among citizens of the United States, eliminatin barriers of discrimination through democratic processes, seek enactment and enforcement of federal, state and local laws securing civil rights to inform the public of the changes of racial discrimination and educate persons of their constitutional rights and to clear lawful action to secure the exercise thereof and to take any other action in furtherance of these objectives.Experiences of the NAACP help to dismantle Jim Crow Laws, the NAACP had its first victory in Guinn and Beale vs. US Supreme royal court this case declared it unconstitutional the grandfather clause in the Oklahoma Constituition which stopped voting qualifications if the individual grandfather had voted, this was an attempt by Whites to stop African Americans whose grandfathers that had been slaves. Laws and amendments were designed to constrain the racial inequalities within prejudicial boundaries such as the 13th, fourteenth , and 15th amendments.These amendments address unfair treatment of African Americans, amendment 13th abolished slavery, amendment 14th secured rights of slaves and equal valueion under the law to all persons and helped to dismantle segregationBrown vs. Board of Education. Various groups, organization and people played a tremendous role in fighting for racial equality leaders like Martin Luther King, Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Thurgood Marshall and organizations such as NAACP, SCLC, and The Urban League.These groups of people and organizations help to fight legislation through landmark court cases, peaceful and nonviolent demonstrations, protests and sit ins and with the amendments listed above. The 14th amendment contains the equal protection clause a nd this clause was included to protect slaves from unfair treatment, In Brown versus the Board of Education this case helped declared separate public schools for Blacks and Whites was unconstitutional as a result of dejure segregation, this is ruled a violation of the 14th amendment.Infamous boycotts and sit-ins, contributed to this fight, like The Montgomery Boycott and The Greensboro Sit In. Peaceful demonstrations in a nonviolent manner was the objectives of these organizations and leaders. Protesting for racial dignity, economic and political self sufficiency and freedom from oppression of White Americans was the goals of these leaders and organizations to help fight legislation.Several laws have been enacted to help eliminate prejudicial boundaries, these laws are frequently called antidiscrimination acts which addressed racial, political and social inequalities of African Americans, The Civil Right Acts of 1968,1964 and 1948, helped to outlaw major forms of discrimination aga inst racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities and women. These acts ended unequal voter requirements, racial segregation in school, workplaces and by facilties that served the general public.These are a few of the struggles of African Americans and their journey throughout U. S. history there have been enormous strides in gaining equality for races, politically and socially, although political challenges currently face African Americans now we continue to fight for this right our ancestors have marched, died , were abused physically and verbally, remains the plight before us.

Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 29

Her name was the mynah bird M. She was a fastnessy ship and a thing of beauty, with silken lines and white sails. Her wooden mast was oiled to a sheen, boasting smart red flags that snapped in the breeze.I stood at the prow and closed my look, imagining our journey. The stinging salt business line and the bright yellow lie would whip my cheeks red as the Mina cut through waves, leaving white foam and spray in her wake. teensy silver fish would glint in the water system below in their hurry to get out of the way.On our travels we would see tiny skiffs cross the water loaded up with bananas and rum in the West Indies. Wed trade for spices in India. Id finally see Italy, walk through the Sistine Chapel, marvel in front of the Duomo, and discombobulate Chianti straight from the vineyard.Maybe maybe this would be a new way of life for me. Traveling at the speed of water rather than confining myself to the shadows. Id neer stay in one port for too long, outrunning expiration and my curse. Sailors usually had no friends just the men they crewed with I would fit right in.But thus I opened my pumps, my fantasy evaporating into the heavy midnight that surrounded me. A dense cloud cover obscured the sky and any stars embedded there failed to g lightenter through. The Mina slipped silently out to sea, cutting the oily water with barely a hiss.This was the vampires realm. Though my ring allowed me to walk in the daylight, my world goed in Acheronticness. It was then, while the sun slumbered, that I hunted, evaded enemies, spewed curses, broke promises, and gave myself over to hate. We had escaped Klauss minion, but we hadnt defeated him. He and his master were becalm out there, somewhere, planning on future torture and terminal for me and Damon.Lexi came up on deck behind me and touched my shoulder.Were en route to San Francisco, she verbalize quietly. Ive not been there in a while. But youll love the fogginess and dismal weather. Great for brooding. She gave me a thin smile. And I can tell youre sacking to be quite the brooder.I leaned against the deck rail. I didnt have the touchwood to tell her that there would never be a place for me, that I would never fit. And I didnt deserve to, after all the lives Id ended.The night wind frowzled my thick brown hair and Lexi tucked it behind my ear.He said an eye for an eye, I began.Yes. Well. Lexi took a deep sigh and looked serious for a moment, eyes narrowing. This is a fast ship and it will take him time to figure out our manifest. Besides the legal cargo of tea and coffee, theres a sizable incumbrance of opium theyre planning to pick up in Frisco. The captain failed to register with the dock master, so it will be a while before anyone figures out where we braid tail to.No. I mean yes, thats good. I rubbed a sudden spray of water from my eyes. But I meant he killed the people that were supposed to be our wives, because his Katherine was killed.Lexi nodded, shivering.And then he gra bbed you and was going to kill you and me, and probably Damon, in a church, just like Katherine was killed.Lexi narrowed her eyes. Im not sure I understand where youre going with this.If he was being so particular about whom he killed and in what manner, why didnt he set the place on fire?Lexi blinked. I cut her work through the logic. She stayed silent for a long time. I couldnt read her eyes, but still I felt embarrassed to be thinking of Katherine at a time like this.Stefan, she began. Please listen to me. There are all levels of evil among our kind. From that old thing that commits great atrocities to minor, horrible little things that exist just for their own pleasure, regardless of whom it hurts.Katherine wanted you to become a vampire. And look at the results. Do not weep overmuch for her, Stefan, or search for clues to her death or existence. Let her go. It is truly the best thing you can do.I turned my head away from her and looked toward the only star bright enough to shi ne through the cloud cover the North Star. Katherine was like that star fixed in place, a silent specter hanging above me, a bench mark against which to measure my progress. No matter my feelings toward her, she had made me, and she would be with me always. Were not all evil, I said, putting my arm around her. Youre not.Im a lot older than you, she said gently. And who I am now isnt who Ive always been. Youre not the only one with things to atone for, Stefan. But Ive made a vow to myself to be different.Oh, ugh. Vows. Damon stumbled onto deck loudly. By Our Lord, havent we made enough vows for a lifetime?The marriages were your idea, not mine, I pointed out.Waah, wahh, Im a vampire, I had a really great wedding, great champagne, my brother rescued me, and Im still tortured.He bounced off the deck rails, palming the smooth wood and propelling himself back to the other side, port to starboard back and forth until he reached us. The untrained eye would have marked him as drunk, but th ere was a telltale crimson smear in the corner of his lips. He was drunk with our escape, with our rescue, with the lifeblood of some poor cabin boy but not with drink. Not yet, at least.Yes, and speaking of rescues, Margaret I prompted.Damon sighed. When I confronted her about being able to withstand compulsion, Margaret admitted she was a temptress and said she would help me.Just like that? I asked skeptically.Damon rolled his eyes. In return for us leaving New York and never coming back in her lifetime, at least. And, this is the part that kills me, returning the dowries.Aw, Damon. Im so sorry, Lexi said, her sparkling eyes belying her serious tone. Your plan to fleece the rich didnt work out. Better luck next time. She punched him piano in the shoulder.We owe her our lives, I said seriously. She didnt have to help us at all. By all rights, she shouldnt have. The protection spell she cast around her and her economise do you think it will really keep them safe?I have to bel ieve. Either way, shes a better soul than you lot, Lexi pronounced.And speaking of better souls I said, barely suppressing a smile, what made you come back and rescue me? I thought you were hell-bent on never forgiving me and punishing me until the end of my days.Damons grungy eyes were veiled. Yes. Well, I meant every word. I will never forgive you. I will torture your every living moment.I shook my head, tamping rout the stirring of black rage inside me that wanted to shout to Damon that he may have lost the love of his life, but I lost a life that I loved. And a father, and a home.And a brother.But as quickly as the rage flowed in, it ebbed back out again, leaving me hollow. How could I dwell my brother to forgive me for turning him into a vampire when I couldnt forgive myself for it? He had once loved me, as I had once loved Katherine, but I would never, ever forgive her for making me what I was now.Damon took me by the shoulders. Besides, he added, the corners of his lips tu rning up, if anyone is going to kill you, its going to be me.Then, without another word, he leaped with vampiric speed to the deck rail itself, balancing without moving a muscle as the boat dipped and rocked in the water, as though he were the ships figurehead, carved in cold marble.He lifted his hand in salute. Ill be seeing you, brother.Then, before I could even utter his name, he stepped off the rail and plunged into the dark water below.I raced to the edge of the boat and looked at the churning water. But my brother didnt resurface. Lexi and I stood there for what felt like an eternity, until we were so far from shore and sky that it felt as though we were suspended in blackness.Then, when the sun finally peeked its red head over the watery horizon, we went inside the dimly lit cabin to face our future.

Management and Steel Industry Essay

1. List and elaborate some strategic issues facing NUCOR.Key strategic issues challenging NUCOR include principle related to climate change, fluctuating cost and supply of beseech ore and scrap nerve, increasing amount of steel imports, production technology improvements and economic weakness. Changes in legislation could have severe meetings on the firms numerous production facilities and could be costly to become compliant. The fluctuations in both the cost and supply of iron ore and scrap steel directly impact the firms profitability because it is difficult to pass those costs on to the customers due to the price-driven level of competition in the steel assiduity.The rise of humbled cost steel imports increases the domestic U.S. supply which puts pressure on NUCOR. The firm must stay at the front of technical advances for the production and processing of steel in order to stay competitive. Common for many firms and industries, economic weakness is an issue that challenges N UCORs strategy because it can impact the demand for its reputable high quality steel products.2. What are the key elements of NUCORs low cost strategy? What factors have helped NUCOR achieve a low cost position?Key strategy elements for NUCORConservative financial strengthTeam-based culture and decentralized operations steep integrationDiversificationInnovation knowledge technology, speed of design processClose proximity to important customersFinancially stable employees higher than average wages and non-discretionary incentive programsEmployee em fountainmentHonesty and nakedness within the companyNo employee lay-offsFactors that have contributed to NUCORs low cost position Strong, long-term relationships with outback(a) parties for services such as research and development, purchasing recommendations, advertising, public relations, andlegal or environmental regulation compliance Stepping away from the steel industrys tradition of equalized freight and offering all customers the gross sales terms of price plus actual shipping costs Not offering customers volume discountsFleet of nearly 150 trucks for product deliveryVertical integration from joist manufacturing into steel productionSteel production utilizing mini-mill technologyHolding contrivestations responsible for identifying bottlenecks to increase efficiencySophisticated accountr program is used to compute accurate bidsImprovements in the melting and casting processes for steel production including continuous castersFlat organizational hierarchy3. Please apply Porters quint Forces model to the steel industry. While doing so, clearly identify who is behind each force and what the impact is of each force on the profitability of the industry (high/ average/low). At the end, also provide a summary of all the five forces and propose whether you think the steel industry is attractive or not.The talk terms power of buyers is high due to minimal product differentiation, low switching costs, excess ca pacity of steel production and large volume purchases. The threat of substitutes is medium because substitutes such as aluminum and plastic would not provide equivalent strength and durability but could still serve the same purpose as steel.The bargaining power of suppliers is low primarily due to the product being a commodity, high ratio of imported raw materials, and low switching costs.The threat of crude entrants is low due to the trend toward consolidation and high amount of capital required to establish production/processing facilities capable of achieving economies of scale.Rivalry is intense because the steel industry is mature with little differentiation among products and mergers both in the U.S. and across the globe creating giant companies with deep pockets.Generally speaking, I think the steel industry is unattractive primarily due to its maturity, significant capital requirements and intense price-based competition that ultimately lead to low profitability.4. What are NUCORs resources and capabilities?ResourcesTeam-based organizational cultureAlliances with outside parties for support servicesJoint ventures withPhysical locations of plants in proximity to key customersLoyal employees comprised of production workers, department heads, support and administrative staff, and senior attention progressive mini-mill technologyOwn fleet of nearly 150 trucks for distributionComputer program to generate bidsPlants, mills, equipment, and machineryReputationFinancial capitalCapabilitiesManagements philosophy and leadership skillsSuccessful quality control processFlat organizational hierarchy and incentive program that keeps the workforce cooperative and productiveAcquisition managementMultidivisional coordinationSpeed of design process5. Elaborate on some of the key lessons you have learnt from the case abbreviation.The most significant lesson I learned from this case analysis is that management style and culture can be key to being competitive. These re ally are the two things that will give NUCOR sustainable competitive wagesbecause they are the most difficult to find and imitate. Building such an impressive employee loyalty takes time and cannot be replicated easily. In addition, the minimization of the corporate bureaucracy is something that makes employees at all levels feel comfortable and as if they are part of a family. I think there are many companies, including the one I work for that could really benefit from adopting this management style.

Saint Columba Altarpiece

The painting depicts the prediction of the take over of rescuer and how it came to pass. This happened after the calamity of holy man Gabriel to Mary, who was a simple and humble Jewish woman. The angel broke the news to Mary that she had found favor with God, and she will conceive and give birth to a son, Jesus. He further elaborated that Jesus would be the son of God, the most high. At this point, Mary was totally confused and worried about the incisive news but she later consoled herself and said since she was Gods servant, she will do as he says.Moreover, Mary was betrothed to a man called Joseph, who lived in Nazareth. During this time, a roman print emperor, Caesar Augustus had ordered a census and both Mary and Joseph had to travel to the town of Bethlehem. The journey took them several days and by the time they arrived, the inn was already enough and they were compelled to spend their night closemouthed the livestocks shed. Coincidentally, Mary gave birth to Jesus and laid him in a manger.In the same night, there were shepherds in the field near Bethlehem and were watching over their flocks. Suddenly, the angel appeared to them and broke the good news to them that savior, the Messiah had been born and is lying in a manger. (Freed, Edwin D 2004). They immediately hurried to the piazza and found Jesus as they were directed. They later went to spread the news. Later, wise men saw a star in the sky that signified the birth of a new king.They viewed it to the place where Jesus was and knelt down to worship him. They brought him gifts of gold, myrrh, and frankincense. According to Mosaic laws, Jesus was taken to the temple where he was named, circumcised and purified. This was conducted by Simeon. During the visitation of Jesus by wise men, the gifts were used as a symbol of honor to the born king. Joseph was a simple village man who lived in Nazareth. He was chosen by God to be the earthly father of Jesus.He was a carpenter and had gathered excepti onal skills in craft work. He feared God and he would follow him in face of severe humiliation. He came from a humble background and this subjected him to engage in carpentry. Also, Joseph was a man of strong conviction and lived his beliefs in his actions.He is celebrated for his obedience and patience even after Mary, his fianc gave birth to Jesus although she was a virgin. Jesus was regarded as an artist because he used to give verbal, opthalmic and dramatic forms to the complicated situations. He taught the word of God by giving analogies, parables, and creative expressions. According to the gospels, his birth took place on November of 5 B.C at Bethlehem. by and by he completed his work on earth, he died on A.D 33 at a place called Golgotha.He was known for using parables in his teachings. (John P. Meler 1992). The skipper location of his artwork was first meant to be viewed in synagogues, where he presented miscellaneous sermons. Moreover, this artwork was religious and was meant to make his followers think critically so as to understand the word of God fully.Also, they were used as a means of illustrating profound and divine truths. He claimed that such stories were easily remembered and indicated symbolism that was rich in meaning. He further told his disciples that the essence of using parables is because the knowledge of the secrets of the kingdom of heaven has been given to them. According to Michael Grant, the entire artwork can be traced back to evangel period where absolute chronology of Jesus is explained into details.Further, this historical period is recorded in a deed of historical and non-Christian documents like Jewish and Greco-Roman sources. Further cultivation indicated that the baptism and crucifixion of Jesus marked prominent historical events. This period simply means the genesis of the good news and it cut across various groups of people.During this period, Jesus started his ministry, which was later considered as fulfillment o f New Testament prophecies. He walked down all cities along with his disciples preaching the gospel and urging the people to repent so as to see the kingdom of God. This took him the whole of his lifetime on earth. During this period, he faced mockery and humiliation from some groups although he had a good number of followers.According to Ben Witherington III, the artwork was made to make the Christians understand that those who humble themselves, God uplifts them. This is portrayed when Virgin Mary, a simple village woman was visited by an angel and informed her of good news. Later, the birth of Jesus in the manger indicated the humble beginning of his life.It also expressed that Jesus was the king since he was visited by various people who came to worship him. Also, Christians should understand the need of recognizing the church as the temple of God. Even the parent of Jesus observed mosaic laws and took him to the temple for various rituals. Therefore, Christians should follow th e footsteps of Jesus by obeying the word of God.Works CitedBen Witherington III. (1998). Primary Sources. Christian History, 17(3), 12-20.Freed, Edwin D (2004). Stories of Jesus Birth. Continuum International 119. John P. Meler (1992).Bordering Jew on Reconsidering the Historical Jesus. A Chronology of Jesus Life, pp. 375-433. Anchor account book Reference Library. Michael Grant. (1977). Jesus. An Historians Review of the Gospels, p.71 Scribners

Literature Review Essay

They warned the investors not to buy unlisted sh ars, as Stock Exchanges do not permit trading in unlisted sh ars. Another rule that they specify is not to buy inactive shares, ie, shares in which transactions take place rarely. Themain reason why shares are inactive is because there are no buyers forthem. They are mostly shares of companies, which are not doing well. A third rule according to them is not to buy shares in closely-held companies because these shares move to be less active than those of widely held ones since they befool a fewer number of shareholders.They caution not to hold the shares for a long period, expecting a spunky price, but to sell whenever one haves a reasonable reward. Jack Clark Francis (1986) revealed the importance of the rate of buffet in investments and reviewed the possibility of default and bankruptcy endangerment. He opined that in an uncertain world, investors cannot predict exactly what rate of return an investment will yield. However he s uggested that the investors can formulate a probability distribution of the attainable rates of return.He also opined that an investor who purchases corporate securities must face the possibility of default and bankruptcy by the issuer. Financial analysts can foresee bankruptcy. He tell some easily observable warnings of a firms failure, which could be noticed by the investors to avoid such a risk. Preethi Singh3(1986) disclosed the basic rules for selecting the familiarity to invest in. She opined that understanding and measuring return m d risk is fundamental to the investment process. According to her, most investors are risk averse.To have a higher return theinvestor has to face greater risks. She concludes that risk is fundamental to the process of investment. Every investor should have an understanding of the various pitfalls of investments. The investor should carefully analyse the financial statements with special reference to solvency, profitability, EPS, and efficiency of the company. David. L. Scott and William Edward4 (1990) reviewed the important risks of owning common stocks and the ways to minimise these risks. They commented that the severity of financial risk depends on how heavily a business relies on debt.Financial risk is relatively easy to minimise if an investor sticks to the common stocks of companies that employ small amounts of debt. They suggested that a relatively easy way to ensure some stratum of liquidity is to restrict investment in stocks having a history of adequate trading volume. Investors concerned about business risk can reduce it by selecting common stocks of firms that are diversified in several unrelated industries. Lewis Mandells (1992) reviewed the nature of market risk, which according to him is very much global.He revealed that certain risks that are so global that they affect the entire investment market. Even the stocks and bonds of the well-managed companies face market risk. He concluded that market risk is influenced by factors that cannot be predicted accurately like economic conditions, political events, mass psychological factors, etc. Market risk is the systemic risk that affects all securities simultaneously and it cannot be reduced through diversification Nabhi Kumar Jain (1992) specified certain tips for buyingshares for holding and also for selling shares.He advised the investors to buy shares of a maturement company of a growing industry. Buy shares by diversifying in a number of growth companies operating in a different but equally fast growing vault of heaven of the economy. He suggested selling the shares the moment company has or almost go throughed the peak of its growth. Also, sell the shares the moment you realise you have made a mistake in the initial selection of the shares. The only option to decide when to buy and sell high priced shares is to identify the individual merit or demerit of each of the shares in the portfolio and arrive at a decision.Carter Randal (1992) offered to investors the underlying principles of winning on the stock market. He emphasised on long-term vision and a plan to reach the goals. He advised the investors that to be successful, they should never be pessimists. He revealed thatthough there has been a major economic crisis almost every year, it remains true that enduring investors have consistently made money in the equities market. He concluded that investing in the stock market should be an un-emotional endeavour and suggested that investors should own a stock if they swear it would perform well.S. Rajagopal. (1996) commented on risk focussing in relation to banks. He opined that good risk management is good banking. A victor approach to Risk Management will safeguard the interests of the banking institution in the long run. He described risk identification as an art of trust intuition with formal information. And risk measurement is the estimation of the size, probability and timing of a potential loss un der various scenarios. Charles. P. Jonesl8 (1996) reviewed how to estimate security return and risk.To estimate returns, the investors must estimate cash flows the securities are likely to provide. Also, investors must be able to quantify and measure risk using variance or standard deviation. Variance or standard deviation is the accepted measure of variability for both realised returns and pass judgment returns. He suggested that the investors should use it as the fleck dictates. He revealed that over the past 12 years, returns in stocks,bonds, etc. have been normal. Blue chip stocks have returned an average of more than 16% per year.He warned that the investors who believe that these rates will continue in the future also, will be in trouble. He also warned the investors not to allow themselves to become victimised by investment gurus. Rukmani Viswanath (2001) reported that the Primary Dealers in Govt. securities are subjecting on a rude(a) internal risk management model suite d for the Indian market conditions. Theattempt is to lay down general parameters for risk perception. The Primary Dealers Association of India (PDAI) is formulating a set of prudential norms for risk management practices.While internationally the principles of risk management may be the same everywhere, the Association is of the view that they have to identify the relevant issues and apply those principles in the Indian context. It strongly argues that it must work on a model that can help to manage liquidity and interest rate risk. While the existing RBI guidelines on risk management cover mainly statutory risk, the PDAI hopes that its new risk management model will be able to perceive real risk. These new norms are expected to help gauge several issues like, whether a fall in the prices of securities or yields is a temporary or permanent situation etc.The areas the new norms are likely to address are the assessment of the liquidity situation and envisaging investor appetite for a specific instrument and their appetite for risk. According to thegovt. securities dealers, these norms are expected to help them hedge. FOOTNOTES 1. Grewal and Navjot Grewal, Profitable lnvestment in shares, Vision Books Pvt. Ltd. 36 Connaught Place, New Delhi 1984. 2. Jack Clark Francis, Investment Analysis and Management, MC Graw Hill, International Editions, 1986. 3. Preethi Singh, Investment management, Himalaya PublishingHouse, Bombay Nagpur and Delhi,1986. . Lewis Mandell, Investments, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1992. 5. Nabhi Kumar Jain, How to earn more from shares, Nabhi Publications, Delhi, 1992. 6. Carter Randall Non-stop winning from the stock market Vision Books, New Delhi, Bombay (1992). . 7. S. Rajagopal,. marge Risk Management A risk pricing model, State Bank of india, Monthly Review, VoI. XXXV, No. 11, November 1996, p. 555. 8. Rukmani Viswanth, PDs working on Risk Management Model, TIE Hindu, Business Lime, Daily, Voi. 8, No. 17, January 18,2001, p. 11

Animal Dreams Essay

In the written report of Animal Dreams by Barbara Kingsolver, the main character named Codi had her struggle towards her relationship with her younger sis Hallie. Regarding this, this article tends to explain why such struggle of closeness towards their relationship turned into closeness which is seemingly far and thus inclusion of the relationship changes ar discussed.The goal of this paper is to provide a reliable detain of research regarding with the descriptions of the storys relationship changes between the two sisters Codi and Hallie and thus to give an explanation about the themes of the story such as to what it depicts and why it is of importance. Relationship of Codi and Hallie Codie and Hallie are very close to each other since they are the only children of Dr. Homero Noline they both lived in Tucson Arizona where they are bonded with Codis boyfriend Carlo.The sisters relationship changed a lot when Hallie decided to move from Arizona going to Nicaragua and since Codi felt that theres no reason for her to stay at Arizona because her sister already left, Codi then decided to go back home where they spend their primaeval life (Kingsolver).Continuing the story, the sisters relationship went on along even if they are far from each other. They still write a letter for one another in order to inform each other about the events and changes which are happening in their lives. Eventually, Codi gets too busy with her work as a high school teacher at Grace and busy visiting her beat who by then is on the first st date of mental disease.The relationship of the two sisters went stronger when Hallie was reported missing and that she could not be found because she was kidnapped (Kingsolver). Similarities of Codi and Hallie The main idea of Codi and Hallies similarity is that they both have concern with the environmental issue such as doing something in order to influence the other people and thus to make them realize how their place are being destroy by t he pollution and that the administration just seemed to ignore such problem.They are both doing an act towards the pollution issue which made them oppose the administration Hallie by involving herself in movement which uses sealed farming techniques that depict the difficulties of the farmers of their place at Grace in farming due to the lack of supply of water for their plant trees and Codi by boostering the Stitch and Bitch Club through a fund racing activity wherein the fund leave behind be used for projects toward environmental protection and or environmental problem resolution (Kingsolver).The Themes impressiveness Fertility throughout the story gives an emphasis towards Codis situation in the novel wherein she woolly-headed her child twice. This part of the novel was written by the author in order to open the readers eyes about the essence or importance of having a future baby because bearing a child simply means the generation of a new group of people for a certain com pany and for the continuous movement of life and history from the past towards the present through the new generation (Kingsolver).Fertility as the theme of the story wanted people to realize that it is not purely a medical or scientific matter and thus in order for a certain person to domesticate a new offspring, she must know how to proceeds care of the life which lies inside her. Fertility in the story is to a fault depicted as a matter as authoritative as preserving a certain generation or community wherein it is subjected to an issue of getting extinct or the threat to a communitys existence (Kingsolver).The importance of fertility in the novel wanted people to realize that preservation of life for a new generation of people is important and thus a new life could serve a new hope for every problems resolution. In the novel, the uterus of a certain become is symbolized by the Graceland and the baby in it is symbolized by the environment and environmental preferences which ar e at the risk of being totally destroyed. Mainly, Fertility means saving the environment in order to preserve the place or the earth is depicted by preserving the child inside develops womb in order to generate a new offspring (Kingsolver).Fertility changes in the story when Codi lost the child that she bears inside her as it was also depicted in the places situation when Grace is in the verge of slowly dying because of the pollutants which are present and are mixed up in their agricultural place and in the whole environment. Childrens Importance In the story, childrens importance is explained to as they are the ones who will continue the bequest or history of a certain family. A child also symbolizes the difficulties and sacrifices of the parents most specially the difficulties of the mothers who tend to bear a child and give birth.Children are the one who will pursue the conviction of their parents as it was depicted by Codi who was supposed to be a doctor just like his father u nless eventually dropped out of school because of her being pregnant (Kingsolver). Children are depicted to as the fulfillment of dreams and hopes for the future as it was symbolized by the presence of children in the story hence they are sometimes being disregarded as to taken advantage of wherein in the story Codi disregarded her situation of pregnancy wherein she did not take care of herself but instead did all what she ought to do which led her to loss the child which she carries inside her.Codis Pregnancy/Miscarriage Cody got pregnant at the age of 15, she never told anyone about her situation because she didnt want Hallie and her father to loose her closeness towards them and so she kept the secret into herself but she did not know that her father observed her and that Mr. Noline knows that his daughter was pregnant. Because Codi was careless about her own body, she lost the baby wherein she really hoped for it to be gone and thus she once dreamt of losing the baby from her wo mb (Kingsolver). Codis being careless regarding with her fertility can depict two certain premises which could frame her in the story.The first premise is the death of her belove mother and secondly is the death of her own child inside her womb. by means of interpreting the character of Codi in the novel regarding her pregnancy, a certain reader could correlate her to dying of a new seed of life because for Cody loving someone is also losing which explains that when a certain person loves someone or anything, he or she will loose his or her control towards his or her emotion and thus she will be hurt when that person or matter he or she loved will be lost from his/her possession (Kingsolver).Political Part of the Novel The real purpose of the novel by Kingsolver is to depict the situation of a certain place in the States wherein the land is said to be a fertile land which is good for planting and/or farming which is eventually finished by the miners producing water pollutants fro m the mines going to the places body of water which tended to destroy the richness of the land. This novel depicts the year 1950 when copper manufacturing mine is one of the most important resource of such Native the Statesns (Kingsolver).Kingsolver depicted the political system of the United nominates during the year of 1980s by narrating the situation or Nicaragua in the novel. Nicaragua was stated as the largest State in the central part of America wherein on the year 1979 a certain state-controlled group named the Sandinistas along with the FSLN or the National Liberation face in the United States joined forces in order to overthrow the dictator system of Anastasio Somoza which reigned for over 46 years.After the dictator was overthrown, the FSLN executed a collective kind of government wherein they made all the major industries nationalized during that period and thus they executed a certain reform, agrarian reform, in order to give help to those small farmers and in order to support such industries of farming (Kingsolver). The FSLN also made a program which strengthened the system of education and other important programs such as health care management and regarding this, the CIA, unknown by the socialists, established a plan in order to oppose the goals and management of the socialist groups and leaders (Kingsolver).Conclusion The novel by Kingsolver entitled Animal Dreams is what the author used to express the reality somewhere in the Central part of America wherein the agricultural management is disregarded by the government and thus the environment is polluted by the mining manufacturers. This novel symbolizes the true event of the Central America by narrating the Graces problem about the environment and its near to destroyance wherein the Sandinistas can be seen in the character of both Hallie and her sister Codi.Through the novel, the author makes readers realize that preserving a childs safety while it is in the womb is like preserving the saf ety of a threatened environment wherein when the mother does a small faulting then the baby will die without being born and just like the environments situation, one mistake or wrong deed from the people and the environment or the earth as a whole will die or will be destroyed. Work Cited Kingsolver, Barbara. Animal Dreams. HarperCollins, 1990.

Links Between Ancient Empire (Songhai, Ming and Mughul) Essay

Ming China Songhai Mughal IndiaGovern ment and Society * Absolute rulers * Government followed out all emperor moths orders * Emperor seen as god * Peace patrolling by navy * Surrounding chiefs kept to a greater extent of their power if they paid tributes * establish on Islamic Principals. * Performance based NOT birth * Based on military and religion * Slaves did all manual labour * Based on Islamic principals * topical anesthetic rulers kept power but had to pay tributes * Centralised administration * Efficient bureaucracy * Practiced apparitional tolerance Role of Women * Good education to teach their sons * Got married family finance * Thrice following (followed whatever they were told by men)* Only influential if wealthy * Men didnt talk to women in public * consider by men but had to act shy and timid * Separate housing between men and women. * No education, liberty or rights * If they gave birth to a female they were shunned upon * Not allowed to go anywhere without liberty * Women were seen as inferior Travel and Trade * Traded silk, porcelain and tea * Trade to show off Chinas wealth and power * Traded with West Asia and Europe along the silk route * Brought goods back from exotic places visited * Gold and flavor trade * Huge caravans regularly crossed the Sahara desert. * Timbuktu and Goa became large commercial centres of these routes * Export of agricultural products * Shipbuilding key fruit industry (Europeans bought from them) * Private trading voyagers to East Africa, Europe etc * China was an important trading partner. Links/Contacts with the light of the world * Zheng He voyagers linked China to India, Arabian Peninsula and East Africa. * Trade connected them to Asia and Europe silk itinerary along Med. Sea * Communication routes created via military courier system* Trade in gold and salt along Sahara desert linked them to the Arabs and Europe through gold trade * Arab traders were the link from Africa to the rest of the wor ld. * commercialized centres were a place for merchants from Med. And Europe to trade. * Exploration of Portuguese * Contacts with China and South East Asia * Europeans ships visited India and they bought from the Indians * The British furbish up up BEIC to trade Learning and civilization * Education was wide spread. * Standardised education * Stand was proud because they could print text books at the time* Different pantheons of Gods * Practised Buddhism andTaoism * Timbuktu and Goa main centres of learning * Recruited teachers from over-seas * Islam dominant culture * Recorded as one of the largest Islamic in history * Established libraries in different languages * Welcomed scholars to his courts * Islamic * Practised religious cultures Technology * Inventors of gun powder * Compass * Paper * Printing * Mosque Architecture expand and big * Took years to build * Invented concept of zero * Modern math * Celestial globe * innovative architecture Decline of the Empires * In vaded by the Moroccan army * This was possible because modern weaponry Songhai didnt plunk for a chance even though they had more men * Succession battles between Mohammed Askia Is sons in 1593 led to civil war * Lost total control of trade and wealth collectable to Portuguese explorations around West Africa. * Threats of invasion by Mongols and Machu * Weakened by power struggles * Became isolated because of the colossal Wall of China * Sever famine * Economic problems people stopped paying taxes * Main brat BEIC * Wars of succession weakened empire after Akbars death. *

The Oddysey Land of the Dead

Oddyseus started to seak to the spirit up of the promising to sacrifice his high hat cow before she had her calve. Then he promised to sacrifice a black lamb whick was the finest in his heard. by and by promising to sacrifice the animals he did it. The spirits started to gather at the edge of Erebus, the place where the dead reside. The spirits included those of the young and the old male and female. There were also many warriors who were still in possesion of their mail and weaponry.The spirits started to try to escape from the pit of Erebus. Oddyseus told his manpower to skin the animal that they had killed and make them into offering for inferno and Persephone, the god and godess of the dead who reside in the underworld. He sat waiting with his sword out to fight down himself from the from the spirits until he noticed te presence of Tieresias, a blind prophet from Thebes, who came forward and verbalise to Oddyseus. Tieresias asked him why he was in the land of the dead and to put down his sword.Then the prophet verbalize that he wanted to taste the blood of the sacrifice he had made. Oddyseus stepped aside and sheathed his sword and the prophet bent down to drink. Tiereseus then tells him that anguish and hardship lie ahead and that poseidon is the one that exit shake up it because Oddyseus blinded his son Polyphemos the cyclops. He then says that Oddyseus leave pass through a narrow slap-up that pass on take him home, and that Oddyseus will reach Thrinakia, the land of Helios grazing cattle, where the sun god sees and hears everything.He says to rescind the cattle of the sun god and to stick with trying to get home, but if you butcher the cattle there will be destruction of ship and crew and only you will survive. Tiereseus then says that he will reach home on an unfamiliar ship only to find that men are in you home eating your food and trying to marry your wife. He then says that Oddyseus will kill these men either by stealth or open combat . He then tells Oddyseus that he will cash in ones chips by land and sea to a landlocked place.The spot will be plain to you he says and the people will ask what kind of wheat sowing device you have. He tell Oddyseus that he will then jam the device, his oar, into the ground. Oddyseus is then told to make a sacrific to poseidon in the form of a ram, bull, buck boar. He tells Oddyseus to then go home and kill 100 pure cattle in the name of poseidon and tout ensemble the gods. The final thing that Oddyseus is toldis that he will receive an easy death at sea will come to him when he is old, and then the prophet says that all that he has just said will be true as his journey home takes place.

Great expectations coursework Essay

My essay is going to be about the 1876 edition novel Great Expectations. The author of this novel is Charles Dickens. When the novel opens we meet Pip as a rather young child. Pip is the narrator as well as the main character. This is cognize as the first person. Pip as an adult talks about Pip as a child. He talks about his life as a child and how it was a struggle without his parents world around to help him. This chooses it interesting to read. Dickens creates munificence for Pip by talking about his exsanguinous parents.As I never saw my father or my mformer(a), and never saw any attribute of either of them. This suggests that Pip never saw his parents because he was young when they died. Pip also tries to create an chassis of what they looked like. Another way Dickens creates sympathy is by talking about Pips utterly brothers. They all had been born on their backs with there hands in their trouser pockets. This makes us think of them in a childish way like the young P ip. In the 19th century people utilize to die commonly so if they read this novel they wouldnt suffer any sympathy because the destruction rate was regular.If a person read this novel in the 20 century they would observe sympathy because the death rate is much less and we are not used to children dying anymore. Dickens knew what a poor existence was like as a child because he had been through it all. He came from a working class family. In his school the teacher paid calveicular consideration to Dickens because he was making incredible progress but he was forced to leave school at the old age of 12 and go labour in a factory because his parents were in enormous debt. To spell out this restrain Dickens got his sympathy from his early days.What he saw in his time made him want to write about how life wasnt fair. The opening chapters are good at getting us to feel all sorts of emotions. The way Dickens gets the readers awareness is he creates a tense, terrifying setting. The read er then knows something shocking is going to take appear so he reads on. Dickens describes how frightening the setting is. The small furl of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry was Pip. This suggests that he is extremely terrified of the graveyard that he is in.Dickens describes the graveyard as a hiding place for people. And that the distant savage lair from which the purloin was rushing was the sea. This suggests that the grave yard can be used as a hiding place because of its darkness and emptiness. All of this makes the reader really scared so that we can feel the same as Pip. Dickens was especially renowned for the good way he created his characters. We meet one of his bloodcurdling characters in this novel. Dickens describes the character as a fearful man, all in course grey, with a vast iron on his leg.A man who had been soaked in water and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints and stung by nettles, and torn by briars who limped, an d shivered. This suggests that the man had been through an awful attracter to get to where is. He also wanted to really escape from the prison that he was held in. We know that he had been to prison because of the great iron on his leg. We also know that he had been beaten by stones, drenched in in water, smothered in mud, slashed by flints and unpleasantly cold. I can feel what he is feeling because of the words Dickens uses.Dickens uses dialogue to state where his characters come from and how their personality is. The convict uses language language. Show us where you live, pint out the place. This tells us that the convict doesnt use correct slope language instead of saying point he says pint missing out the o. this tells me that he is from a working class not a middle class like Estella or other ladies and gentlemen. Dickens is very intelligent the way he creates his characters names. This helps use to discover what the characters are like and what part they play.Mrs Joe Gar gery takes on her husbands name to show other people that shes the one who obeys her husband. The reader sees a diametric side. Mrs Joe Gargery is the one in charge and her husband obeys her. Dickens is using ironic humour here to make us laugh at the situation. I want the first two chapters of the novel that I examine because it was very thrilling to examine about how existence was like in the historic days. I liked the way Dickens wrote this novel because he described the background in a lot of detail.

Power Flow Control Using Facts Devices Engineering Essay

With the increased capableness of push back-out brass vane, increased complex tonss and with the interstate magnate transportation, the control of military group in twain transmission trunk and scattering cable lengths has gained premier importance. The conventional method of ply control utilizing power sloughing is no more monetary value good and causes power perturbations in the ashes. Alternatively a smooth control of power is the alternate radical to get the better of the above job.Fast response existent power control volition be necessary to take passing(a)s, maintain rotor angle stableness and supply equal post-contingency control of the web. thermolabile power flow capableness on the other manus will function to minimise linage VARs flow under normal runing conditions while maximising flows necessary to keep voltage stableness during the succeeding(prenominal) eventualities. Power flow control may besides be strategic all(prenominal)y used to minimise or c ut down the call for for transmission system en extendedment.In general, the control action in power systems provide be categorized as on/off of regular ( including measure wise uninterrupted ) . The uninterrupted controls for illustration mint besides be categorized as either multiplication based or web electric automobile resistivity based. The web electric resistances used for uninterrupted control thunder mug be either physical or practical ( non-physical ) thermolabile or resistive constituents. Virtual constituents are presented to the web via interpolation of controlled cooccurring electromotive strong point generators shunt connected to the coach and/or connected in serial with transmittal grooves.Development of high power and high exchanging power electronic devices has made it possible to contain big power flows utilizing FACTS devices.Structure of the power system ( Kundur )Electric power systems vary in size and structural constituents. until now, they a ll have the same basic features.Are comprised of three-phase ac systems runing basically at change little electromotive force. Generation and transmittal installations use three-phase equipment. Industrial tonss are constantly three-phase. Single stage residential and commercial tonss are distributed either bit among the stages so as to efficaciously organize a balanced three-phase system.Use synchronous weapons for contemporaries of electrical energy. Prime m all overs convert the primary beginnings of energy ( fossil, atomic, and hydraulic ) to mechanistic energy that is, in bend converted to electrical energy by synchronal generators.Transmit power over important distances to consumers spread over a broad country. This requires a transmittal system consisting subsystems runing at different electromotive force degrees.Power flow in an a.c. systemIn ac power system, given the in important electrical storage, the electrical coevals and burden essential equilibrate at all times . To some extent the electrical system is self modulating. If coevals is less than burden, the electromotive force and frequence bead and at that place by burden goes down to be the coevals minus the transmittal losingss. However, there is further a few per centum b beau monde for such self-regulation. If electromotive force is propped up with re combat-ready power support so the burden will travel up, and accordingly frequence will maintain dropping and the system will fall in. Alternatively, if there is in equal reactive power, the system outhouse hold electromotive force prostration.Demand for electrical energy uninterrupted to travel steadily ( F19 )Reactive power demand ( text book diabetes mellitus tagare )The reactive power demand of big public-service corporations like the province electricity boards in India can be divided into two groups.Fixed KVAR required by the public-service corporations tomaintain their veerers energized andto get across their KVAR for the distrib ution system to transport a minimal base burden.Variable KVAR to coverload reactive power demands non covered by the consumerreactive power demands by the public-service corporations transformers and distribution system to transport inconsistent consumer burden.Ripples and power system transeunt analysis T 11 Ripples are utile for transeunt analysis. practically of power system analysis is steady province analysis. However in the country of electric power quality analysis, transients may presume an of import function. For illustration, it is sometimes necessary to cipher the extension of a lightning vista urge in a radial distribution system or a networked transmittal system. The transient created by a communicating failure of an electronic convertor might hold to be canvas in some instances. The computation of the extension of transformer inpouring and shunt capability exchanging catamenias is besides transeunt jobs. A choice of power system transients appear in tabular arra y.TypeLocationDurationLightning direction processing overhead time circuitss MSLine exchangingTransmission and stand in transmittal systems MSCapacitor exchangingTransmission and Distribution systemss MSCommunication failureConvertersMSTransformer inpouring currentsTransformers in transmittal and distribution systems.ms sAnalysis of these transients might be done in the plume sphere, in the frequence sphere or parallel simulation. These methods have their advantages and disadvantages. But all are accented in the analysis of short restrict transients assorted with low frequence signals. Ripples offer certain clip frequence advantages over strictly frequence sphere methods. The window of a cock ( and besides a transform based on the ripples ) is automatically adjusted in breadth in the presence of unyielding or short term signals. The female parent ripple in a ripple transform employs clip compaction or dilation instead than frequence transition as might be used in Fourier a nalysis. Besides it may be possible to choose the female parent ripple to fit the expected response- there by contracting ripple spectrum as compared to the frequence spectrum.Rebeiro is by and large credited with proposing ripple analysis for power system/power quality analysis. Rebeiro chief part apart(predicate) from the cardinal suggestion of ripples on power technology is in the country of signal Reconstruction. Robertson, Camps, Mayer and Gish have new proposed the usage of ripples in power technology toCapture power system transients for event recording equipment applications. base power system perturbationsDetect inchoate failure of equipment.Resolve power quality struggles.( Hingorani )Series CompensationWhen a generator accelerates and angle ? additions /?t & A gt 0, the electric power communicable essential be increased to controvert for the extra mechanical input power. When the generator decelerates and angle ? decreases /?t & A lt 0, the electric power must be decreased to equilibrate the deficient mechanical input power.K = track of serial publication remuneration = Xc/X 0 ? K ?1Ninety is the reactance of the serial capacitance.Ten is the entire reactance of the dec rail line at the cardinal power system frequence degree Fahrenheit.K = upper confine when /?t & A gt 0K = 0 /?t & A lt 0with maximal k the effectual line electric resistance lower limit.i.e the electromotive force across the existent line electric resistance is maximal.i.e the electric power transmitted over the line is maximal.With minimal K i.e K = 0.The effectual line electric resistance is minimal.i.e the electromotive force across the existent line electric resistance is minimal.i.e power transmitted is minimal.This means K is controlled in bang-bang operation. ( the end product of the series compensator is varied between the lower limit and upper limit )This type of control is the most effectual for muffling big oscillations.Sustained oscillation down the st airs the cardinal system frequence can be caused by series capacitive compensation. It is called sub synchronal resonance ( SSR ) .Degree of series compensation is in the scope of 25 to 75 % .A capacitance in series with the entire circuit induction of the transmittal line ( including the appropriate generator and transformer scarper induction ) forms a series resonant circuit with natural frequence fc = 1/2?vLC = fv Xc/X.If the electric circuit is brought into oscillation ( by some web perturbation ) so the bomber harmonised constituent of the line current issuances in a corresponding bomber harmonic field in the machine which as it rotates backwards comparative to the magnetic field produces an jumping torsion on the rotor at the difference frequence of f iron. if this difference frequence coincides with one of the torsional resonance of the turbine generator direct, mechanical torsional oscillation is excited, which in bend farther excites the electrical resonance. This stat us is defined as bomber synchronal resonance.Large generators with multi phase steam turbines which have multiple torsional manners with frequences below the power frequence are most susceptible to stand in synchronal resonance with series capacitance compensated transmittal lines.The series compensator is chiefly applied to work out power flow jobs.Fixed or controlled series capacitive compensation can besides be used to minimise to stop electromotive force version of radial lines and prevent electromotive force prostration.Series compensation is used to commandto antagonize prevalent machine swingsimportant transeunt stableness betterment for station mistake systemsHighly effectual in power oscillation damping.However the operate and public presentation features of the two types of series compensator are well different.Approachs to controllable series compensationTwo basic attacksThyristor switched capacitances and thyristor controlled reactors to take a variable reactive entr ee.Switch overing power convertor to recognize a manageable synchronal electromotive force beginning.The series compensator is a reciprocal of the shunt compensator.The shunt compensator is functionally a controlled reactive current beginning which is connected in analogue with the transmittal line to command its electromotive force. The series compensator is functionally a controlled electromotive force beginning which is connected in series with the transmittal line to command its current.The map of the series capacitance is merely to bring forth an appropriate electromotive force at the cardinal Ac system frequence in quadrature with the transmittal line current in order to increase the electromotive force across the inducive line electric resistance and thereby increase the line current and the familial power.By doing the end product electromotive force of the synchronal electromotive force beginning a map of line current the same compensation as provided by the series capacita nce is accomplished. However in contrast to the existent series capacitance the SVS is able to keep a changeless compensating electromotive force in the presence of variable line current or controlled the amplitude of the injected compensating electromotive force free lance of the amplitude of the line current.The series reactive compensation strategy utilizing a exchanging power convertor ( voltage beginning convertor ) as a synchronal electromotive force beginning to bring forth a governable electromotive force in quadrature with the line current as per IEEE and CIGRE definition termed the Static Synchronous Series Compensator ( SSSC ) .The SSSC can diminish every bit good as addition power flow to the same grade merely by change by reversaling the mutual foeman of the injected Ac electromotive force. The rearward electromotive force adds flat to the reactive electromotive force bead of the line as if the reactive line electric resistance was increased.If the injected electrom otive force is made larger than the electromotive force impressed across the unsalaried line by the sending and having term systems that is if Vq & A gt Vs -Vr so the power flow will change by reversal with the line currentI = ( Vq & A gt Vs -Vr ) /XcThe SSSC can supply capacitive or inductive compensating electromotive force independent of the line current up to its specified current evaluation.The VA evaluation of the SSSC ( solid province convertor and twinned transformer ) is merely the merchandise of the maximal line current ( at which compensation is still desired ) and the maximal series counterbalancing electromotive force.VA = Imax * Vmax.The control scope is uninterrupted from -1.0 p.u ( capacitive ) to +1.0 p.u ( inductive ) volt-amperes. In many practical applications merely capacitive series line compensation is required. One of import application is the coincident compensation of both the reactive and resistive constituents of the series line electric resistance i n order to maintain the X/R ratio is high.At transmittal electromotive force degrees of 115,230 and even 340KV where the X/R ratio is ordinarily low ( in the scope of normally 3 to 10 ) , a high grade of series capacitive compensation could farther cut down the effectual reactive to resistive line electric resistance ratio to such low values at which the increasingly increasing power demand of the line and associated line losingss and possible electromotive force depression would get down to restrict the catching active power.The SSSC with an appropriate District of capital of South Carolina power supply ( which could be powered from an accessible coach or from the Tertiary of handily located transformer ) would be able to shoot in add-on to the reactive compensating electromotive force, a constituent of electromotive force in anti-phase with that developed across the line opposition to antagonize the outlet of the opposition electromotive force bead on the power transmittal.In th is manner by supplying coincident and separately governable compensation of both the reactive and existent electric resistance of the line in consequence an ideal reactive line can be created for maximal power transmittal.The line losingss I2R is still be dissipated by the physical line. However this debauched power would be replenished by the SSSC from the subsidiary power supply. The existent power compensation capableness could besides be used efficaciously in minimising enlace power flows by equilibrating both the existent and reactive power flows of parallel lines.From the point of dynamic system stableness reactive line compensation combined with coincident active power exchange can besides heighten power oscillation damping.During the period of angular acceleration, the SSSC with suited energy storage can use maximal capacitive line compensation to increase the familial active power and at the same time absorb active power to supply the consequence of a muffling resistance in series with the line.During the period of angular slowing, the SSSC can put to death opposite compensating actions, that is, apply maximal inductive compensation to diminish the familial active power and at the same time supply the consequence of disconfirming opposition ( i.e. a generator ) to provide extra active power for the line ( negative damping ) .In practical SSSC the electromotive force sourced convertor on the dc side is terminated by a finite ( and comparatively little ) energy storage capacitance to keep the coveted District of Columbia runing electromotive force.( Remember that this District of Columbia capacitance is kept changed by the energy absorbed from the system by the convertor itself ) therefore the District of Columbia capacitance in consequence interacts with the Ac system via operating switch ( valve ) array of the convertor. This interaction may conceivably act upon the bomber synchronal behavior of a practical SSSC.The SSSC is based on the synchronal electromotive force beginning construct which is implemented by a electromotive force beginning convertor.WAVELETS ( A18 )Ripples theory is the mathematical associated with constructing a theoretical account for a non-stationary signal, with a set of constituents that are little moving ridges, called ripples.( A16 ) in the procedure of ripple transform the signal is non in footings of a trigonometric multinomial, but by ripple generated utilizing the interlingual rendition ( switch in clip ) and dilation ( soaked in clip ) of a fixed ripple map called the female parent ripple.

The Prospect Of Building Underwater Environmental Sciences Essay

Population in Egypt increased in the last 10 old ages and reached 80 million with mean one-year growing 2.04 % . Traffic congestion is the largest work that Egypt faces, and it has a slap-up consequence on air travel quality, going clip, concern, and cost. The authorities ever tries to thrash out the congestion by constructing new Bridgess, overpasss and metros, but unluckily it fails collect to the addition of population. In this instruction there is a survey on construction with a new engineering which is constructing underwater.Although semiaquatic edif grouchs survive since 1960 but no 1 defend heard slightly it. Constructing underwater testament be preferential to the environment if wad win in accomplishing it. Everything net be built subaqueous care Houses, hotels, wet place, eating dramaturgys a etc. to allow people hold a favorable life or holiday. The glamour position underwater of fishes, coral reefs and antithetic animals encourages people to constru ct and populate at that place.This prove volition discourse the possibility and the advantages of submerged buildings. The first subdivision go forth specify what submerged edifices atomic number 18, and establish the advantages and credence of them. The 2nd entrust discourse the consequence of submerged edifices on the environment. The 3rd one will discourse the consequence of submerged edifices on societal life and the agencies of transit. The 4th will discourse the stuffs used, shipway of edifice and particular demands. The fifth will present the jobs which face the submerged edifices. The 6th will show up the dispersal systems that are used. The 7th, will be illustrations of bing and approaching submerged edifices that make the reader able to understand the thought good, and able to link all the parts of study together. Finally, the decision will back up and urge edifice and life underwater to diminish congestion and pollution on the near of the Earth.1. entreeWhat are submerged edifices? Harmonizing to Dr. Khaled Abdelhady ( Professor in architecture technology, Shoubra University ) , submerged edifices are constructions built submerged for different intents each harmonizing to the type of edifice constructed ( personal communicating, 2010 ) . It all started in the 1960 s by Jacques Cousteau s squad in the signifier of submerged research Stationss ( submerged home ground, 2006 ) . Submerged edifices already come through, but have you of all time thought approximately traveling to an underwater edifice?Underwater edifice is the prospective anchoration that has a great impact on the environment, we will be confronting some jobs while victimisation this engineering but if we win in accomplishing it, it will be advantageous to our environment as it gets populated. It is rightful(a) what was written in the Evolo magazine Approximately 71 % of the Earth s surface is ocean, even more(prenominal) if clime alteration has its manner hence i t is merely natural patterned advance that we will experience the seas someday. ( Water-Scraper Underwater Architecture, 2010 ) .1.1 Background on submerged edifice typesWhen Dr. Khaled Abdelhady was asked about the types of underwater edifices he talked about the following(prenominal) types1.1.1 Infra StructuresHe verbalise that infra constructions are termss of edifices make under the piss to allow the edifice itself higher up the pee, for illustration the Bridgess linking metropoliss like the aureate gate dyad shown in figure 1.1 when you can insure the low of span placed under the H2O ( personal communication,2010 ) .Figure 1.1 Aureate gate span ( first-class honours degree www.google.com )1.1.2 Research centresSecond, Dr. Khaled talked about the research centres underwater. He said that there are two types of centres, foremost is an submerged lifes research centre which examine and observe animals submerged, and 2nd there are scientific centres which search for grati ng oil in the underside of seas and oceans ( personal communicating, 2010 )1.1.3 TunnelsAs for submerged tunnels Dr. Khaled Said they are passage ways constructed underwater. thither is a type made for cyberspace honcho overseas telegrams to be divided all over the universe, telephone lines, and others. Other type is made for autos to travel through submerged channels but for light distance rivers or H2O transitions like tunnel Ahmed Hamdi at the Suez Canal in Egypt ( personal communicating, 2010 ) .1.1.4 MuseumsAs for museums underwater, Dr. Khaled said there are 2 types, foremost one are museums made to estimate the submerged lifes without holding to travel through the dangers of diving and for authentically old grownups to be able to give ear them excessively, 2nd there are museums made to see the old sunken memorials, why underwater? So that you can see them they exact manner they were found in a beautiful originative manner. And it has already been constructed like in Vasa Museum in Stockholm ( personal communicating, 2010 ) .1.1.5 Hotels eating houses and amusementsAnother type that Dr. Khaled Abdelhady talked about was the amusement types of edifices. There are hotels, irrigate place, and eating houses built underwater so that people could hold a nice a holiday, a massage or a repast while watching the fishes and animals underwater. There are withal games made underwater like in Disney land crimp coaster as shown in figure 1.2 when you can see people acquiring into the H2O while on the roller coaster ( personal communicating, 2010 ) .Figure 1.2 Disney land roller coaster ( seed www.google.com )1.2 Advantage and credence of submerged edificesUnderwater edifices have a batch of advantages to people in Egypt. It will take down the crowded topographic points above land. It will increase the engineering use to be able to construct it. It will process better touristry as people will develop from all over the universe for amusement under the ru ddy sea, and enjoyment of the amazing legion salmagundis of fishes and corals, and in same clip conserve the corals from being touched and hurt by people plunging.After meddlesome a big figure of people if they would accept traveling to an submerged metropolis for amusement, holiday or touristry, it was surprising that most people accepted the thought. This means that if the thought really gets complete, it will be wide spread between people so rapidly and it will be successful in Egypt. And as you can see in figure 1.3 the figure of people accepting is about trebling the figure of people declining.Figure 1.3 Chart shows the figure of the credence and declining people3. Social facetsOvercrowding is considered the universe s job, which is turning invariably and leads to some(prenominal) other jobs. This serious quandary prompted people to believe about the colonisation of the oceans, which led them to believe about the submerged edifices. As we know, H2O covers 70 % of the Earth s surface, while land countries form a really little per centum. Taking a expression at the Earth from outer infinite, we will choke that the bluish colour dominates, and this will raise a batch of inquiries about how to work these countries. From this point, people bewilder to analyze the possibility of edifice underwater and do usage of such great surfaces. allow s happen out if people will welcome the thought of life underwater in the hereafter, or it will be a useless undertaking. Due to high cost, these submerged edifices will be limited to a certain degree of people, and may be considered as a sort of prosperity. However, if we take into tale that the engineering progresss, so there will be a manner to cut down the cost. however if complete metropoliss were built submerged, would people accept such alteration in their life. Some people can non populate without the Sun and do non conceive of themselves in a topographic point slightly isolated. Others pauperization truly to seek this new life, and bask the composure and the glorious vision. In decision, populating underwater may go a world if its benefits overcome its troubles and jobs.3.1 Means of transitAfter seeking for the possible agencies of transit to populate under H2O, it was found that there are two possibilities. First, as m all people will believe, pigboats would function as the chief mean of transit. For illustration, believing about its cost and pertinence, we will happen that it is the suited 1. Let s survive to the other possibility, at a larger graduated table, and speak about submerged tunnels. There are some bing submerged tunnels, which would be really effectual to achieve a certain submerged edifice or complete metropolis in the hereafter. For illustration, in Dubai, Hydropolis is an submerged hotel, but it is still under building. As it is described in figure 3.1, the developers of this undertaking explains It will include three elements the land station, where invitees will be welcomed, the connecting tunnel, which will transport people by rail to the chief country of the hotel, and the 220 suites within the undersea vacuous composite. ( Joachim Hauser, N.D. ) .Figure 3.1 The land station of Hydropolis ( Source Design construct, ND. )4. Construction and construction facets4.1 The stuff usedA Although many stuffs exist for edifice, the 1 that meet the demands with the lowest costs are to be chosen. At this degree the cost will be minimized. . When taking the stuffs to be used in the building, it is of importee to guarantee that the weight bound is non exceeded. ( Carl T.F. Ross & A notice El-Hajj )The chief stuff used for building underwater was a particular type of make and acrylic. The acrylic stuff is used chiefly for visibleness, while the steel is used for supports ( supports ) . ( Carl T.F. Ross & A Mark El-Hajj ) gritty strength steel is used as it is comparatively inexpensive, and has its high output strength. It is non excessively a good music director of electrical energy and heat. It is a high corrosion opposition. ( Carl T.F. Ross & A Mark El-Hajj )A acrylic paint stuff is used alternatively of glass It is better than glass due to being less dense, and it is besides has higher impact strength than the glass. Acrylic gives the natural size and colourss of the environing stuffs than glass. It is besides good dielectric of electricity which is good in seeking the wellness and safety of clients and submerged animals. ( Carl T.F. Ross & A Mark El-Hajj )4.2 ConstructionIt is known that the rewards for submerged building would be greater than on land building, due to the trouble faced during the on the job underwater. Another job would originate the edifice is big in size. For work outing these jobs, they divide the edifice into parts and edifice each portion on land so piece them under the H2O. ( Carl T.F. Ross & A Mark El-Hajj, .. )4.3 CareThe care procedure is a dearly-won procedure particularly when coverin g with an submerged care. The downstairs figure shows us how this job can be solved, by spliting the edifice into parts that can be separated from the whole edifice these parts can be wobblered to set down so that a cheaper care can take topographic point. ( Carl T.F. Ross & A Mark El-Hajj )Figure 4.1 The care procedure ( Beginning Carl T.F. Ross & A Mark El-Hajj )The crystalline portion of the edifice should be ever clean, so that the clients can see the marine clearly in all the clip. This state of affairs can be achieved by an machine-controlled system which uses a ego cleaning surfacing known as the smart stuff. ( Carl T.F. Ross & A Mark El-Hajj )5 Problem which face underwater edifice5.1 CostConstructing under H2O is a really expensive procedure due to the machines, instruments and skilled workers. Constructing under H2O besides contains some of public assistance as figures ( 5.1, 5.2 ) illustrate and it needs to immense budget.Figure 5.1 Example of under H2O s public as sistance ( Beginning blog.hotelclub.com/top-five-underwater-hotels/ ) Dreams, even so fabulous, remain unrealized without the hard currency to back up the committedness the hardest portion of the procedure was misfortune sponsorship to the melody of a550m.That s what brought me to Dubai. Still, it was a conflict which took two-and-a-half old ages and proved tougher than developing the undertaking itself. No bank would pay such an sum. It s a hazardous investing, as there are no pilots. We had to convert investors that it is safe and will convey returns on investing. ( Hauser, ND ) , so companies accept to co-operate with its challenger to destination under H2O edifice undertaking.5.2 The job of ErosionErosionA is the procedure ofA weatheringA and conveyance of solids ( deposit, A dirt, A rockA and other atoms ) in the natural environment or their runner and deposits them elsewhere. It normally occurs due toA transportA by air current, H2O, or ice so applied scientists should t ake the appropriate stuffs for under H2O edifice.5.3 The locating of crude oilFigure 5.2 shows that any slash may go on in the sea to the boring machines and machinery for seeking for oil or to any ship in the sea may harm the design of the edifice and it is out of control.Figure 5.2 The misadventure of the boring machine ( Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //Oc-Po/Petroleum-from-the Ocean.htmlhttp //www.waterencyclopedia.com hypertext transfer protocol //www.waterencyclopedia.comHYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol //blog.hotelclub.com/top-five-underwater-hotels/ HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol //blog.hotelclub.com/top-five-underwater-hotels/ hypertext transfer protocol //www.waterencyclopedia.comunderwater-hotels/ )5.4 The job of heat of H2OThe temperature of the H2O is extremely variable over the surface of the H2O, it is heated from the surface downward by sunshine, but at depth most of the H2O is really cold. ( Martha R.A Scott, ND )5.5 The job of force per un it areaPressure plays a large function in act uponing the foundations of the edifice besides workers face troubles either during the building procedure or during the care procedure.6. Environmental edifice facetsNo hesitation that the first thing that comes in our head while speaking about submerged edifices is the job of spread. cellular respiration is defined as a procedure of providing fresh air to an enclosed infinite and taking from it air contaminated by olfactory properties, gases, or smoke . Therefore, there must be a beginning of renewable air that helps in external respiration, and acquiring rid of unwanted gases, like C dioxide and others. Let s research a solution, for the airing job, that was applied while constructing Holland tunnel, an submerged tunnel. Tunnels, specifically, have a great job with airing, due to gases produced by trains and cars. This job was addressed by Clifford Holland, the tunnel s interior decorator. His settle was to happen ways to unclutt er exhaust exhausts and pump in fresh air, accomplishing this by utilizing airing towers, like the one illustrated in figure 5.1, and fans to travel air in and out. Finally, air can be re-create every 90 seconds. ( Howstuffworks, ND. )Figure 6.1 Inside a Holland Tunnel airing tower ( Beginning Eric and Edith Matson, ND. )The airing systems that can be applied while edifice, can be divided into two methods natural airing and mechanical airing. Natural airing depends on an unfastened window if the architecture permits, so it can non be used in submerged edifices. Therefore, mechanical airing is applied to air out these edifices.The most of import thing is the manner to acquire O needed for take a breathing. Breathing under H2O could go on in several ways such as hydrolysing the sea H2O, change by reversaling osmosis, or suctioning methods through air pumps. ( Chamberland, ND. ) . Oxygen can be extracted from saltwater since people will populate underwater, and it will be a practical method. Rearward osmosis is an effectual method used in H2O intervention and in the hereafter it will be used to acquire O, while populating underwater. Suctioning O, utilizing air pumps, would assist in both acquiring O and supplying good airing.7. Examples7.1 Dubai Underwater HotelIt is still under development. The hotel location will be 33 pess submerged. Its entire cost is over $ 550 million. The land station will be connected with the submerged subdivision with a 515 metre long tunnel through which an automatic train will transport people to the submerged hotel. It is 260 hectares country consisted of 220 suits bubble shaped 20 metres underwater.The hotel will besides hold several security steps. It has a series of water tight-fitting doors in instance of any ecstasy. It will besides hold its ain missile defensive system in instance of any terrorist onslaught.7.2 submarine RESORTS- Poseidon Mystery IslandThe thought was for the American applied scientist Bruce Jones. The Pose idon Resort s Mystery Island shown in figure 7.1 could be reached by lift. It is a 1.1 million square off pes, 40 pess under H2O. Room standard country is 550 square pes. ( wayfaring,2007 ) .The budget of the undertaking is $ 100 million.Figure 7.1 Poseidon Mystery Island ( Source www.wayfaring.info )7.3 Ithaa underwater eating houseIt is the 1st of its sort in the universe. It is 16 pess below the surface of Indian Ocean. It is encased in clear acrylic.The ithaa eating house can be reached by a wooden paseo shown in figure 6.2 from over the H2O. It was baffling to construct it on the beach of rangali due to proficient challenge, limited resources and quality jobs. ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) .It was constructed in Singapore. Its building began in May 2004, and it was completed in October 2004 including installing of the acrylic arches, air conditioning and electric canals. Its life span is 20 old ages.Figure 7.2 Ithaa underwater eating house ( Beginning World Wide Web. Wikipedia.com )7.4 Jules submarine LodgeIt is the universe s first submerged hotel, originally built in the early 1970s. It was opened to the creation in 1986. ( hotelclub,2007 ) .The entryway to the hotel is 21 pess underwater on the sea floor. The Lodge is to the full stocked with tight air.